隨(sui)著生態(tai)(tai)產品(pin)理(li)論(lun)與(yu)實踐(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)不斷(duan)發展演進(jin)，生態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)導(dao)向的(de)(de)開發（EOD）模式作為生態(tai)(tai)產品(pin)價值實現(xian)市場(chang)化(hua)路徑的(de)(de)重(zhong)要組成部(bu)分(fen)，由(you)理(li)論(lun)研究逐步(bu)走向試(shi)點(dian)實踐(jian)(jian)。論(lun)文(wen)基于國家(jia)試(shi)點(dian)項目研究，總結(jie)了EOD模式下推(tui)進(jin)生態(tai)(tai)產品(pin)價值實現(xian)的(de)(de)實施要點(dian)，并結(jie)合案例(li)分(fen)析了“城市環境(jing)綜(zong)(zong)合整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)+土地利用”“礦(kuang)山修復治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)+存量資源經營”“農(nong)村人居環境(jing)整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)+生態(tai)(tai)種(zhong)養”“荒(huang)山荒(huang)地綜(zong)(zong)合整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)+清潔能源”生態(tai)(tai)產品(pin)價值實現(xian)的(de)(de)四個典型類型。建議(yi)隨(sui)著EOD模式試(shi)點(dian)的(de)(de)不斷(duan)推(tui)進(jin)，應進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)強(qiang)化(hua)理(li)論(lun)與(yu)方(fang)法(fa)研究、市場(chang)化(hua)運(yun)作機制實踐(jian)(jian)、關鍵政策制度(du)創新(xin)等，探索建立(li)生態(tai)(tai)產品(pin)價值市場(chang)化(hua)轉化(hua)新(xin)模式、新(xin)機制。
【關鍵(jian)詞】生態環境導向的(de)開發(fa)；生態產品；實現路(lu)徑
來源：生態(tai)經濟.原文標(biao)題(ti)《生態(tai)產品(pin)價值(zhi)實現市場化(hua)路徑(jing)研究——基(ji)于國(guo)家EOD 模式試(shi)點實踐(jian)》.2022-06-02網絡首(shou)發(fa)
生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)具(ju)有鮮(xian)明(ming)的(de)(de)中國(guo)特色概念(nian)，是指(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系統通過(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)或與(yu)人類社(she)(she)會生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產共同作(zuo)用，提供的(de)(de)增進人類及自然可持續(xu)福(fu)祉的(de)(de)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)和服務。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價值(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)就是將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)所(suo)蘊含的(de)(de)內(nei)在(zai)價值(zhi)(zhi)轉化(hua)(hua)為經濟效益(yi)、社(she)(she)會效益(yi)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)效益(yi)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。建立健全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價值(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)機制(zhi)，是貫徹落(luo)實(shi)習(xi)近平(ping)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)文明(ming)思想的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)舉措，是踐行綠水青山就是金(jin)山銀山理念(nian)的(de)(de)關鍵路(lu)徑(jing)，是從源(yuan)頭上推動生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)領域國(guo)家(jia)治(zhi)理體(ti)系和治(zhi)理能力現(xian)(xian)代化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)必然要(yao)(yao)求。2018年(nian)，習(xi)近平(ping)在(zai)長(chang)江經濟帶發(fa)展座談會上強調，探索(suo)多(duo)樣(yang)化(hua)(hua)、市場化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價值(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)機制(zhi)。2021年(nian)4月，中共中央辦(ban)公廳、國(guo)務院辦(ban)公廳印發(fa)《關于建立健全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價值(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)機制(zhi)的(de)(de)意見》，要(yao)(yao)求到2025年(nian)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價值(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)制(zhi)度框架初步形成，提出加快完善(shan)政(zheng)府(fu)主導、企業(ye)和社(she)(she)會各界(jie)參與(yu)、市場化(hua)(hua)運作(zuo)、可持續(xu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價值(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)路(lu)徑(jing)。近年(nian)來，國(guo)家(jia)高位推動生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)導向的(de)(de)開發(fa)（Eco-environment-oriented development，EOD）模(mo)式（下(xia)(xia)文簡(jian)稱EOD模(mo)式）試點(dian)工(gong)作(zuo)，出臺相關政(zheng)策十余部(bu)，探索(suo)將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)治(zhi)理與(yu)產業(ye)開發(fa)融合(he)共生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，在(zai)項(xiang)目(mu)時空范圍內(nei)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價值(zhi)(zhi)高效轉化(hua)(hua)。本研究結合(he)國(guo)家(jia)試點(dian)實(shi)踐案例，分析EOD模(mo)式下(xia)(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價值(zhi)(zhi)市場化(hua)(hua)轉化(hua)(hua)路(lu)徑(jing)，并提出下(xia)(xia)一階段(duan)EOD模(mo)式重點(dian)探索(suo)的(de)(de)方(fang)向與(yu)重點(dian)。
EOD模(mo)式研(yan)究(jiu)與實踐進展(zhan)
1.1研(yan)究進展
依據市(shi)場(chang)屬性(xing)(xing)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)可(ke)分(fen)為純(chun)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、準公(gong)共(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、經(jing)營性(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)三種(zhong)類型。純(chun)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)具有非競爭性(xing)(xing)和非排他(ta)(ta)性(xing)(xing)特征，主要包括水源涵養、土壤保(bao)持(chi)、物(wu)種(zhong)保(bao)育等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)調節服(fu)務，對于維持(chi)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系統可(ke)持(chi)續性(xing)(xing)至關重要，但(dan)一般較難實現市(shi)場(chang)交易。準公(gong)共(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)具有有限的競爭性(xing)(xing)和非排他(ta)(ta)性(xing)(xing)特征，需要通過(guo)制(zhi)度(du)(du)設(she)計及開發經(jing)營形(xing)成(cheng)經(jing)營性(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，包括基于固碳(tan)、水質凈化(hua)等(deng)初(chu)級生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)開發的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)資(zi)源權益產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，公(gong)共(gong)(gong)濕地(di)(di)、公(gong)共(gong)(gong)林地(di)(di)等(deng)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)資(zi)源性(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，以國家公(gong)園(yuan)為主體的自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)、風景名勝區(qu)、自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)文(wen)化(hua)遺產(chan)(chan)及其蘊含的休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)旅(lv)游、自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)景觀(guan)、美學體驗(yan)等(deng)。經(jing)營性(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)是人類勞動參(can)與度(du)(du)最(zui)高的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，可(ke)直接(jie)參(can)與市(shi)場(chang)交易，主要包括生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)農(nong)、林、牧、漁、中(zhong)草藥產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)能(neng)源產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)及通過(guo)延伸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)鏈生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)有機食品(pin)(pin)(pin)，工業(ye)品(pin)(pin)(pin)及文(wen)化(hua)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)等(deng)，還包括通過(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)旅(lv)游、休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業(ye)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)康養等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)化(hua)形(xing)成(cheng)的經(jing)營性(xing)(xing)服(fu)務。
生態產品本身具有多樣性、復(fu)雜(za)性特征，同(tong)時不(bu)同(tong)市(shi)場(chang)屬(shu)性的(de)(de)生態產品也(ye)有著不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)價(jia)值實(shi)現路徑(jing)。在地方(fang)實(shi)踐中，打通生態產品價(jia)值市(shi)場(chang)化實(shi)現路徑(jing)是一項(xiang)復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)系統工作(zuo)，涉及(ji)土地利(li)用(yong)、產業開發、環保投資、權益交易、金(jin)融創新等(deng)相關政策機制的(de)(de)協(xie)調與統一。現階段存在的(de)(de)問題(ti)主(zhu)要包括：
（1）生態優勢轉化為發展優勢的政策機(ji)制尚不(bu)完善，目前僅(jin)初(chu)步(bu)探索了生態產品價值核算、生態保(bao)護補償和生態環境損害賠償政策制度(du)等；
（2）生態(tai)產品(pin)自身“難度量、難抵押、難交易(yi)、難變現”，轉化能(neng)力明顯偏弱；
（3）生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)總體投入不(bu)足，資(zi)(zi)金(jin)缺口較大(da)，社(she)會資(zi)(zi)本(ben)和(he)金(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構因項目(mu)缺乏投資(zi)(zi)回報機(ji)制，難(nan)以參與到(dao)生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)治理中(zhong)。在此背景下，迫(po)切需要一(yi)種有效(xiao)的模式，能夠(gou)將(jiang)政府統籌(chou)施(shi)策與市場配置資(zi)(zi)源高(gao)效(xiao)統一(yi)、精準投入，實(shi)現生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)治理與生(sheng)態(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)相關(guan)產(chan)(chan)業開發一(yi)體化(hua)實(shi)施(shi)，帶動相關(guan)企業、金(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構等多元參與生(sheng)態(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)開發經營。EOD模式就是在生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)治理與產(chan)(chan)業開發項目(mu)層面探索生(sheng)態(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)價值實(shi)現機(ji)制的模式之(zhi)一(yi)。
“生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)導向(xiang)(xiang)”最早由美國學(xue)者霍(huo)納蔡(cai)夫斯基(ji)在(zai)(zai)1999年提出(chu)，是從(cong)“生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)優化”強(qiang)調(diao)單(dan)純“保(bao)護(hu)”向(xiang)(xiang)利用(yong)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)來(lai)引(yin)導區域開發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)“生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)導向(xiang)(xiang)”方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)展。世界(jie)上諸多國家(jia)和(he)地區也在(zai)(zai)積極探索EOD模(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)城市規劃與建(jian)設(she)，如新加坡、美國波特(te)蘭都市區等(deng)(deng)(deng)。我國學(xue)者辛璐等(deng)(deng)(deng)、王(wang)(wang)子婧(jing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)分析了(le)EOD的(de)(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)、演(yan)進(jin)及內涵特(te)征(zheng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，認為(wei)EOD模(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)心在(zai)(zai)于(yu)將生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境保(bao)護(hu)帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)外部經濟(ji)性（周邊資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)溢價増(zeng)值）內部化，能夠解決(jue)城鄉建(jian)設(she)、經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展與環境保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)矛盾，有(you)利于(yu)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)人與自然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)和(he)諧統(tong)一。周蘭萍和(he)張(zhang)留雨、王(wang)(wang)天義(yi)、李(li)若鵬等(deng)(deng)(deng)探討了(le)EOD推動(dong)綠色投資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)情況，提出(chu)EOD模(mo)式(shi)可以推動(dong)我國基(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)(shi)投資(zi)朝著綠色低碳(tan)、高質量、可持續發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)穩健前行(xing)，最終實(shi)現(xian)(xian)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)治(zhi)理(li)和(he)經濟(ji)社會的(de)(de)(de)融合發(fa)(fa)展。逯(lu)元堂等(deng)(deng)(deng)研究了(le)EOD模(mo)式(shi)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)要義(yi)，從(cong)項(xiang)目策(ce)劃、項(xiang)目運(yun)作、資(zi)金(jin)籌措、收(shou)益平(ping)衡和(he)項(xiang)目績效等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)面(mian)提出(chu)了(le)EOD項(xiang)目實(shi)施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)路徑和(he)建(jian)議。袁宏(hong)川等(deng)(deng)(deng)運(yun)用(yong)博弈論(lun)、云(yun)模(mo)型初步構建(jian)了(le)EOD項(xiang)目風險評價體系。
表1 ：生態(tai)環境治(zhi)理項目(mu)實(shi)施模式演進過程
1.2演進過程
隨著我國生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)理(li)論與(yu)實踐的(de)不斷發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)演進，EOD模式的(de)內涵拓展(zhan)延伸為創(chuang)新性的(de)項(xiang)目(mu)組(zu)織實施方式，并在(zai)國家高位推(tui)(tui)動下由理(li)念(nian)研究逐(zhu)步走(zou)向(xiang)試點實踐。生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)部提出(chu)EOD模式就是通過(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)治理(li)與(yu)產(chan)(chan)業開發(fa)(fa)(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)組(zu)合開發(fa)(fa)(fa)、統籌推(tui)(tui)進，通過(guo)改善生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)質量，提升(sheng)區域(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)品(pin)質，將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)價值(zhi)(zhi)釋放(fang)到片區開發(fa)(fa)(fa)、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)農(nong)業、文旅康養等關(guan)聯(lian)產(chan)(chan)業，實現(xian)產(chan)(chan)業增(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)溢價，以產(chan)(chan)業盈利反哺生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)治理(li)，是生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)價值(zhi)(zhi)實現(xian)機制的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)部分。本研究認為EOD模式順(shun)應(ying)了發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)需求，在(zai)國家推(tui)(tui)動與(yu)地(di)方實踐的(de)基礎上，推(tui)(tui)廣條件逐(zhu)漸成(cheng)(cheng)熟，將(jiang)成(cheng)(cheng)為區域(yu)推(tui)(tui)動生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)價值(zhi)(zhi)實現(xian)市(shi)場化(hua)轉化(hua)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)舉措之一，在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)保護與(yu)綠色經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮了重(zhong)要(yao)作(zuo)用。
我國生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)走(zou)過了近50年歷程，根據(ju)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)重(zhong)點內容的不同，可將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)分為(wei)三個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。不同階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)成本(ben)內部化方式(shi)的不同，形(xing)成了與之(zhi)配(pei)套的環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)經濟政策及項目組織實施(shi)(shi)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)，如表(biao)1所(suo)示。第一(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)工業污(wu)染(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)水(shui)垃(la)圾(ji)處理(li)等(deng)為(wei)主(zhu)的污(wu)染(ran)末端(duan)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。以(yi)(yi)誰(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)染(ran)、誰(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)為(wei)原則(ze)，污(wu)染(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)投入納(na)入企業經營(ying)成本(ben)，工程總承(cheng)包（EPC）成為(wei)項目實施(shi)(shi)的主(zhu)要模(mo)(mo)式(shi)。第二階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)黑臭水(shui)體治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)、污(wu)染(ran)場地與農(nong)田修復(fu)等(deng)為(wei)主(zhu)的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量改善階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。以(yi)(yi)誰(shui)(shui)(shui)受益、誰(shui)(shui)(shui)付(fu)費(fei)為(wei)原則(ze)，環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)基礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)投入依(yi)靠使用(yong)者付(fu)費(fei)和政府(fu)補(bu)貼，特許經營(ying)、政府(fu)和社(she)會資本(ben)合作（PPP）等(deng)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)得到應用(yong)推(tui)廣。現階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)為(wei)第三階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，是(shi)以(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)修復(fu)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物多樣性保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、碳(tan)達峰、碳(tan)中和等(deng)為(wei)主(zhu)的人與自(zi)然和諧共生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。以(yi)(yi)誰(shui)(shui)(shui)開發、誰(shui)(shui)(shui)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)為(wei)原則(ze)，探索(suo)將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)投資納(na)入區域開發經營(ying)成本(ben)，EOD模(mo)(mo)式(shi)應運而生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。
1.3實踐情況
目前，各(ge)地在(zai)EOD項(xiang)目組織實(shi)施方(fang)(fang)面開(kai)(kai)展了(le)實(shi)踐探索。通過(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)實(shi)現(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)值(zhi)(zhi)增(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)，并通過(guo)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)經(jing)營生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)農業、文旅(lv)康(kang)養、商(shang)業地產(chan)(chan)等關聯產(chan)(chan)業，將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)轉(zhuan)化為經(jing)濟效益，推動區域(yu)綠色可(ke)持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。如(ru)成都(dou)錦江流域(yu)綜合治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)、薊運(yun)河(he)水系治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)、永定河(he)流域(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)等。2021年(nian)，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)部(bu)、國(guo)家(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展改革委、國(guo)家(jia)(jia)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)銀行(xing)聯合發(fa)(fa)(fa)文，同意36個(ge)地方(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)和(he)企業依(yi)托項(xiang)目開(kai)(kai)展第一(yi)批EOD試點工作。截止到2021年(nian)底(di)，國(guo)家(jia)(jia)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)銀行(xing)按照精準施策、市(shi)場化運(yun)作和(he)風險可(ke)控(kong)的(de)(de)原則，對(dui)重慶廣(guang)陽島、四川(chuan)遂(sui)寧、浙江湘湖(hu)等6個(ge)試點項(xiang)目予以傾(qing)斜支(zhi)持，累計授信519億(yi)元(yuan)，實(shi)現(xian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)放貸款(kuan)121億(yi)元(yuan)。根據36個(ge)試點項(xiang)目情況，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)保(bao)護治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)內容(rong)涉及城鎮污水處理(li)及配套管網(wang)建設(she)、河(he)湖(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)、黑臭水體治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)與(yu)修復、農村人(ren)居環境(jing)整治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、礦山修復與(yu)濕地建設(she)等。通過(guo)上述生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)保(bao)護治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)，區域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品在(zai)供給服(fu)務(wu)、調節服(fu)務(wu)、文化服(fu)務(wu)等方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)得(de)到提升(sheng)，并通過(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)農業、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)養殖、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)權益、文旅(lv)康(kang)養、片區開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)等關聯產(chan)(chan)業的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)經(jing)營實(shi)現(xian)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)轉(zhuan)化，新(xin)產(chan)(chan)業、新(xin)業態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)得(de)到培育和(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，產(chan)(chan)業收益反哺投入生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)保(bao)護治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)良性(xing)機制得(de)以確立(li)。同時(shi)，試點項(xiang)目在(zai)財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)資金(jin)獎補、多元(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)補償、政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)專項(xiang)債券、集體建設(she)用地入市(shi)、政(zheng)(zheng)策性(xing)基金(jin)股權投資等方(fang)(fang)面積極探索新(xin)政(zheng)(zheng)策、新(xin)機制，促進(jin)形成財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)金(jin)融等多措(cuo)并舉、協同支(zhi)持生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環境(jing)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)新(xin)格(ge)局，如(ru)圖1所(suo)示。
圖1：EOD模(mo)式生態產(chan)品(pin)價值轉化(hua)路徑及創新機制
EOD模(mo)式生(sheng)態(tai)產品價值實(shi)現實(shi)施要(yao)點
總結試點項目經(jing)驗，EOD項目實(shi)(shi)施路徑的四個主要環節為：一(yi)是(shi)保護優(you)先，切實(shi)(shi)解(jie)決突出的生(sheng)態環境問題；二是(shi)因地制宜，結合(he)地區(qu)實(shi)(shi)際合(he)理、有(you)序地發展關聯產(chan)業；三是(shi)系(xi)統(tong)推(tui)進，政府(fu)和市場(chang)協同(tong)發力(li)；四是(shi)破解(jie)瓶頸，探索新(xin)(xin)機(ji)制新(xin)(xin)舉措推(tui)動生(sheng)態產(chan)品價值(zhi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)。
2.1 堅持理念(nian)：保(bao)護優先，綠色發展(zhan)
EOD項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)策(ce)劃(hua)與(yu)實(shi)(shi)施須堅持生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)優先，首要(yao)任(ren)務(wu)是(shi)解決區域突出的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)問題，增值(zhi)(zhi)自然資(zi)本，厚植生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品價值(zhi)(zhi)，將生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)優勢(shi)轉(zhuan)化為(wei)發(fa)展優勢(shi)。第一批(pi)36個試(shi)點項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)涉及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)治理(li)(li)內(nei)容包括水(shui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)綜合整治、固體廢物(wu)處理(li)(li)處置、農村人(ren)居環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)整治、礦山修復(fu)、荒(huang)漠化治理(li)(li)、城市環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)綜合整治等。其中，水(shui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)綜合治理(li)(li)類(lei)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)數量最(zui)多(duo)，占試(shi)點項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)治理(li)(li)類(lei)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)總數的(de)(de)(de)45%，主(zhu)要(yao)原因是(shi)現階段水(shui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)質量改善后關聯(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)土地(di)利用(yong)、文旅康(kang)養等產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業增值(zhi)(zhi)，地(di)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)類(lei)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)收益相(xiang)(xiang)對較好(hao)，有利于(yu)對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)治理(li)(li)投入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)反哺(bu)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品價值(zhi)(zhi)市場化轉(zhuan)化路(lu)徑和(he)方式相(xiang)(xiang)對較為(wei)成(cheng)熟。由(you)此可見，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品是(shi)自然資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)物(wu)，良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品價值(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)(shi)現的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)，EOD項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)策(ce)劃(hua)應充分(fen)結合區域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)需求與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)特色(se)優勢(shi)，識別具(ju)有實(shi)(shi)施緊迫(po)性強(qiang)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)效益高、對關聯(lian)(lian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業具(ju)有較強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)(zhi)溢出特點的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)與(yu)修復(fu)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)，以及(ji)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)關聯(lian)(lian)度(du)高、經濟發(fa)展帶動力強(qiang)、項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)收益好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業開(kai)發(fa)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)，合理(li)(li)確定項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)實(shi)(shi)施邊界和(he)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標要(yao)求，開(kai)展項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)謀(mou)劃(hua)和(he)頂層設(she)計，明確項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)投資(zi)規(gui)模(mo)、建設(she)內(nei)容、技術路(lu)線等。
2.2 產(chan)業融(rong)合：因地制(zhi)宜，合理開發
根據生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境質量(liang)的改善(shan)對關(guan)聯產業或區域(yu)開發(fa)發(fa)揮(hui)的價(jia)值(zhi)提升作(zuo)(zuo)用，EOD項目策劃中(zhong)應因(yin)地制宜地選擇適宜當地發(fa)展相(xiang)關(guan)產業及相(xiang)關(guan)權益(yi)交易，促(cu)進生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境質量(liang)改善(shan)與(yu)提升產生(sheng)(sheng)的生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)價(jia)值(zhi)轉(zhuan)換為(wei)經(jing)濟價(jia)值(zhi)。結合試點(dian)工作(zuo)(zuo)，EOD項目中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)價(jia)值(zhi)轉(zhuan)換為(wei)經(jing)濟價(jia)值(zhi)的路徑主要(yao)包括四類：
（1）關聯產業形成(cheng)價值，通過提升周(zhou)邊生態(tai)環境(jing)質量，帶動區域關聯產業等發(fa)展(zhan)從而(er)形成(cheng)相關經(jing)營(ying)收益。如依托潔凈(jing)(jing)的(de)水源、清潔的(de)空氣(qi)、適宜(yi)的(de)氣(qi)候等自(zi)然本底條(tiao)件，適度(du)發(fa)展(zhan)數字經(jing)濟(ji)、潔凈(jing)(jing)醫藥、電子元(yuan)器件等環境(jing)敏(min)感型產業；依托優美(mei)的(de)自(zi)然風(feng)光、歷史文化遺(yi)存(cun)、中醫藥資源稟賦，引進社會資本，打造文旅(lv)休閑、醫療保(bao)健、養老養生等多元(yuan)業態(tai)發(fa)展(zhan)。
（2）依(yi)托修復的(de)土地進行產(chan)業(ye)開發(fa)獲(huo)(huo)得收(shou)益。如(ru)對開展荒山荒地、黑臭水體、石漠化等(deng)綜合整治的(de)社會主(zhu)體，在保障生態效益和依(yi)法、依(yi)規前提下，允許利用一定比例的(de)土地從事生態產(chan)業(ye)開發(fa)而獲(huo)(huo)取收(shou)益。
（3）生態(tai)資(zi)(zi)源的(de)權(quan)益(yi)(yi)(yi)交易(yi)形成的(de)收(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)價值，如通過生態(tai)環境治理，獲(huo)(huo)得集體建設(she)用地交易(yi)收(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)、生態(tai)林建設(she)指標、能源資(zi)(zi)源配額指標等；通過碳匯增量、排污權(quan)、用能權(quan)等資(zi)(zi)源權(quan)益(yi)(yi)(yi)指標交易(yi)的(de)方式，獲(huo)(huo)得相關收(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)等。
（4）生(sheng)態補償收益(yi)，主要依據(ju)生(sheng)態保護補償制度，獲得中(zhong)央和省級財政參照生(sheng)態產品(pin)價(jia)值核算結果、生(sheng)態保護紅線面(mian)積等因素分配的資金，以及生(sheng)態產品(pin)供(gong)給(gei)地(di)(di)從受益(yi)地(di)(di)按照自愿(yuan)協商原(yuan)則獲得的橫向生(sheng)態保護補償資金等。
2.3 系統推進：政(zheng)府(fu)主導(dao)，市場運作
EOD項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)內容既(ji)涉及(ji)公益(yi)類、準經(jing)營(ying)類的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境治理內容，又涉及(ji)產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、區域開(kai)發(fa)(fa)等經(jing)營(ying)類項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)，復雜性強，涉及(ji)面(mian)(mian)廣(guang)，需(xu)政(zheng)(zheng)府和(he)(he)市(shi)場協(xie)同發(fa)(fa)力(li)，建(jian)(jian)立(li)政(zheng)(zheng)府主(zhu)導(dao)有力(li)、社會(hui)參與(yu)(yu)(yu)有序、市(shi)場調(diao)節有效的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行機制(zhi)(zhi)，整(zheng)合(he)(he)資(zi)源(yuan)、多措(cuo)并舉，打通生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)產(chan)品價值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)路徑，如圖2所示(shi)。政(zheng)(zheng)府注重發(fa)(fa)揮其在項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)捆綁、資(zi)源(yuan)搭配、制(zhi)(zhi)度設計(ji)、特許經(jing)營(ying)、資(zi)金(jin)獎(jiang)補、績效考核(he)(he)和(he)(he)營(ying)造氛(fen)圍等方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)導(dao)作(zuo)用(yong)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)強化項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)系(xi)統(tong)謀劃和(he)(he)頂(ding)層設計(ji)，合(he)(he)理確定項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)邊界(jie)和(he)(he)目(mu)標要求(qiu)，明(ming)確部門分工(gong)(gong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)合(he)(he)作(zuo)，確保(bao)EOD項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)規劃—建(jian)(jian)設—運(yun)營(ying)一(yi)體(ti)化實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)、整(zheng)體(ti)統(tong)籌推(tui)進。二是(shi)(shi)對EOD各子項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)審批、建(jian)(jian)設、運(yun)營(ying)、績效考核(he)(he)履(lv)行監管職責，確保(bao)EOD項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)公益(yi)部分預期(qi)成效目(mu)標。三是(shi)(shi)為項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)理配置(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)，結合(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際綜合(he)(he)運(yun)用(yong)專(zhuan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)資(zi)金(jin)、PPP、特許經(jing)營(ying)等政(zheng)(zheng)策支(zhi)持EOD項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)，推(tui)動(dong)建(jian)(jian)立(li)EOD模(mo)式下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)產(chan)品價值(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)算(suan)、定價、調(diao)價與(yu)(yu)(yu)績效考核(he)(he)機制(zhi)(zhi)，探(tan)索(suo)開(kai)展(zhan)區域GDP與(yu)(yu)(yu)GEP增量(liang)統(tong)計(ji)與(yu)(yu)(yu)獎(jiang)補。同時，EOD模(mo)式本質(zhi)上是(shi)(shi)市(shi)場化的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)運(yun)作(zuo)方式，應充分發(fa)(fa)揮市(shi)場配置(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)決(jue)定性作(zuo)用(yong)，激發(fa)(fa)市(shi)場主(zhu)體(ti)活力(li)，提供投—建(jian)(jian)—管—運(yun)等系(xi)統(tong)解決(jue)方案，并不斷(duan)拓展(zhan)延伸產(chan)業(ye)鏈(lian)、價值(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)，探(tan)索(suo)新(xin)(xin)技術、新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝、新(xin)(xin)模(mo)式，提高(gao)保(bao)護修(xiu)復與(yu)(yu)(yu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)經(jing)營(ying)效率，推(tui)動(dong)區域關(guan)聯產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)產(chan)品價值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)效轉化。
圖2：EOD項(xiang)目市(shi)場化運作流程示(shi)意圖
2.4 創新實(shi)踐：破(po)解瓶(ping)頸，機制創新
現(xian)階段，我國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)“難(nan)(nan)度(du)(du)量、難(nan)(nan)抵(di)押、難(nan)(nan)交(jiao)易、難(nan)(nan)變(bian)現(xian)”等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)尚未得到(dao)有效解(jie)決(jue)(jue)，保護生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)利(li)益(yi)導(dao)向(xiang)機制(zhi)(zhi)也尚未形(xing)成(cheng)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)優勢轉化(hua)為(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟優勢的(de)能力較(jiao)弱。運用EOD模(mo)式(shi)探索破解(jie)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)難(nan)(nan)點(dian)問(wen)題(ti)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)EOD試點(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)實(shi)(shi)施目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標與重(zhong)點(dian)內容之一(yi)(yi)，如表(biao)2所示。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)理(li)念創(chuang)新(xin)，破解(jie)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin) “度(du)(du)量難(nan)(nan)”問(wen)題(ti)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)部環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)規劃院(yuan)和(he)中國(guo)科(ke)(ke)學院(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)研究中心發(fa)(fa)布了《陸地生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)總值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)（GEP）核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)技術指南(nan)》，指導(dao)多地開展(zhan)區(qu)域尺度(du)(du)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)絕對(dui)量的(de)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)，主要用于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)明建(jian)設目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標考(kao)核(he)(he)(he)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)等(deng)工作。在EOD模(mo)式(shi)下(xia)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)注重(zhong)由(you)EOD項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)帶來的(de)GEP增量，用以(yi)科(ke)(ke)學制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)和(he)衡量EOD項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標及效益(yi)，核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)空(kong)間范(fan)圍為(wei)EOD項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)邊(bian)界(jie)(jie)范(fan)圍，時間為(wei)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)周期(qi)（10～30年(nian)），是(shi)(shi)(shi)EOD項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標指標制(zhi)(zhi)訂及考(kao)核(he)(he)(he)的(de)理(li)論(lun)與方法創(chuang)新(xin)，亦(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)方法的(de)應(ying)用創(chuang)新(xin)。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)融(rong)合(he)創(chuang)新(xin)，解(jie)決(jue)(jue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)“抵(di)押難(nan)(nan)”問(wen)題(ti)。在當前金融(rong)體(ti)系(xi)下(xia)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)很難(nan)(nan)作為(wei)抵(di)押物進行融(rong)資(zi)貸款。EOD模(mo)式(shi)下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)關聯度(du)(du)高、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)帶動力強、項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)收益(yi)好的(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)開發(fa)(fa)收益(yi)為(wei)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)融(rong)資(zi)創(chuang)造了條件(jian)。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)運作模(mo)式(shi)創(chuang)新(xin)，解(jie)決(jue)(jue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)“交(jiao)易難(nan)(nan)”問(wen)題(ti)。EOD項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)由(you)一(yi)(yi)個市場主體(ti)進行商業(ye)化(hua)運作，邊(bian)界(jie)(jie)范(fan)圍、資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權屬、收益(yi)權利(li)、風(feng)險職責(ze)清(qing)晰，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)了生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)資(zi)源—資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)—資(zi)本相統(tong)一(yi)(yi)，交(jiao)易主體(ti)與權益(yi)明晰。四是(shi)(shi)(shi)投融(rong)資(zi)模(mo)式(shi)創(chuang)新(xin)，解(jie)決(jue)(jue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)“變(bian)現(xian)難(nan)(nan)”問(wen)題(ti)。EOD模(mo)式(shi)統(tong)籌運用財政資(zi)金和(he)資(zi)源實(shi)(shi)現(xian)開發(fa)(fa)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內通(tong)過反哺(bu)機制(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)成(cheng)穩定(ding)現(xian)金流(liu)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)了生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)轉化(hua)為(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟效益(yi)。
結合理論研究與試點探索(suo)，現階段EOD模式(shi)下生(sheng)態產品價(jia)值實現可(ke)分為四(si)種典型(xing)情(qing)況：一是城(cheng)市環(huan)境綜(zong)合整治(zhi)(zhi)+土地(di)利用等；二(er)是礦山修復治(zhi)(zhi)理+存(cun)量資源經(jing)營(ying)等；三(san)是農村人居(ju)環(huan)境整治(zhi)(zhi)+生(sheng)態種養等；四(si)是荒山荒地(di)綜(zong)合整治(zhi)(zhi)+清(qing)潔(jie)能源等。本研究結合試點項(xiang)目，分類(lei)分析EOD模式(shi)生(sheng)態產品價(jia)值實現路徑。
表2 EOD模式破解生(sheng)態產品價值實現難(nan)點的具體舉措
3.1 案例一(yi)：城市環境綜合整治+土地(di)利(li)用
“城市環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)綜(zong)合整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)+土地(di)利(li)用”生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)價值(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)現(xian)路徑是通過區(qu)域內(nei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)系統(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)，恢復(fu)了(le)(le)區(qu)域優(you)質(zhi)的(de)(de)自然環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)、清潔的(de)(de)空氣、舒適(shi)的(de)(de)休(xiu)閑(xian)體驗(yan)等(deng)(deng)，提(ti)升了(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)調(diao)節服務和文化服務價值(zhi)(zhi)，提(ti)高了(le)(le)區(qu)域發(fa)展(zhan)品(pin)質(zhi)，為環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)敏(min)感型(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)集聚(ju)(ju)區(qu)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)與(yu)(yu)(yu)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)創造了(le)(le)條件，推動生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)優(you)勢轉化為產(chan)(chan)業(ye)優(you)勢。重(zhong)(zhong)慶廣陽島EOD試點項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)是“城市環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)綜(zong)合整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)+土地(di)利(li)用”的(de)(de)典型(xing)(xing)案例(li)。本項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)位于重(zhong)(zhong)慶廣陽島片區(qu)長江(jiang)以(yi)(yi)南區(qu)域，包(bao)括(kuo)廣陽島10平方千米(mi)和廣陽島片區(qu)長江(jiang)以(yi)(yi)南105平方千米(mi)，片區(qu)功能定位為習近平生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文明(ming)思(si)想集中體現(xian)地(di)、長江(jiang)經(jing)濟帶綠色(se)發(fa)展(zhan)示(shi)范區(qu)，價值(zhi)(zhi)定位為“長江(jiang)風景(jing)眼、重(zhong)(zhong)慶生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)島”。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)由(you)一個市場主(zhu)體（重(zhong)(zhong)慶廣陽島生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)城投資(zi)發(fa)展(zhan)有(you)限公司）投資(zi)—建設—運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)(ying)一體化實(shi)施。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)內(nei)容包(bao)括(kuo)區(qu)域內(nei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)綜(zong)合治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)與(yu)(yu)(yu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)大(da)(da)數據、大(da)(da)健康、大(da)(da)文旅等(deng)(deng)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)敏(min)感型(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)集聚(ju)(ju)區(qu)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)(ying)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)綜(zong)合治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)與(yu)(yu)(yu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)內(nei)容包(bao)括(kuo)長江(jiang)岸線生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)修復(fu)、廣陽島全島生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)修復(fu)、廣陽灣長江(jiang)內(nei)河流(liu)域整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、城鎮污(wu)水、垃圾處理(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)。產(chan)(chan)業(ye)集聚(ju)(ju)區(qu)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)(ying)包(bao)括(kuo)新興產(chan)(chan)業(ye)集聚(ju)(ju)區(qu)、歷史及(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文明(ming)展(zhan)示(shi)基(ji)地(di)、旅游休(xiu)閑(xian)綜(zong)合服務配套設施等(deng)(deng)。產(chan)(chan)業(ye)集聚(ju)(ju)區(qu)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)收(shou)益為項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)創造了(le)(le)良(liang)好的(de)(de)現(xian)金(jin)流(liu)，打(da)通了(le)(le)社會資(zi)本和金(jin)融機構參與(yu)(yu)(yu)投資(zi)的(de)(de)路徑，保(bao)障了(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)持(chi)續投入與(yu)(yu)(yu)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提(ti)高了(le)(le)投資(zi)效率與(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)效益。
重慶(qing)廣陽島EOD試點項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)中生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)綜合治(zhi)理與(yu)產(chan)業集聚區開發投資(zi)(zi)各占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)約(yue)50%。資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)籌措(cuo)中，市(shi)場(chang)(chang)主體自有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)（政府(fu)注資(zi)(zi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)55%）投資(zi)(zi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總投資(zi)(zi)的(de)23%，其他為債務融資(zi)(zi)。債務融資(zi)(zi)中，政府(fu)專項(xiang)(xiang)債占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總投資(zi)(zi)的(de)11%；國家開發銀(yin)行貸(dai)款(kuan)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總投資(zi)(zi)的(de)66%，貸(dai)款(kuan)期(qi)限20年。信貸(dai)結構為項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建成后形成的(de)可供抵押經(jing)營(ying)性資(zi)(zi)產(chan)和持有(you)(you)的(de)土(tu)地(di)提供最高(gao)額抵押擔(dan)保。本項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)通過運營(ying)收(shou)益(yi)(yi)、片區內(nei)基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施維護及特許經(jing)營(ying)收(shou)益(yi)(yi)、子公(gong)司房(fang)地(di)產(chan)開發凈現金(jin)(jin)流，項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)盈余資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)達到(dao)還本付息(xi)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)最低要求的(de)1.76倍(bei)，投資(zi)(zi)收(shou)益(yi)(yi)與(yu)償債能力有(you)(you)保障，且政府(fu)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)投入遠(yuan)低于生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)綜合治(zhi)理投入。本項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)通過采用EOD模式，充分實(shi)現了生(sheng)態(tai)產(chan)品價值市(shi)場(chang)(chang)化轉化，打(da)造(zao)了區域生(sheng)態(tai)與(yu)產(chan)業一體化發展新路徑(jing)。
3.2 案例(li)二：礦山(shan)修復治理+存量資(zi)源(yuan)經營
“礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)修(xiu)復(fu)治理(li)+存(cun)(cun)量(liang)(liang)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)經營(ying)”生態(tai)產(chan)品價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)實現路徑是(shi)通過礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)修(xiu)復(fu)治理(li)，盤活廢棄礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)、工(gong)業(ye)(ye)遺(yi)址等存(cun)(cun)量(liang)(liang)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)，推進(jin)相關(guan)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)權益集(ji)中流轉經營(ying)，并統籌實施(shi)(shi)生態(tai)環(huan)境系統整治和(he)配套設(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)，提(ti)升(sheng)文(wen)化旅游開發價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)。馬(ma)(ma)鞍山(shan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)EOD試(shi)點項目是(shi)“礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)修(xiu)復(fu)治理(li)+存(cun)(cun)量(liang)(liang)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)經營(ying)”的典型案例。本項目位于(yu)安徽(hui)省馬(ma)(ma)鞍山(shan)市(shi)雨山(shan)區(qu)向山(shan)鎮，涉及(ji)面積總計約63.6平方千米，是(shi)馬(ma)(ma)鞍山(shan)市(shi)“打造安徽(hui)省的杭嘉湖、長三角(jiao)的白(bai)菜(cai)心”的重要抓手(shou)，由馬(ma)(ma)鞍山(shan)市(shi)兩山(shan)綠色生態(tai)環(huan)境建(jian)設(she)有限公(gong)司（以下簡稱(cheng)“兩山(shan)公(gong)司”）采用BOT（建(jian)設(she)—經營(ying)—轉讓）模式實施(shi)(shi)，特許經營(ying)期(qi)30年，建(jian)設(she)期(qi)約3年，運(yun)營(ying)期(qi)約27年。建(jian)設(she)內容包括礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)生態(tai)修(xiu)復(fu)工(gong)程(cheng)、水務環(huan)保(bao)治理(li)工(gong)程(cheng)、土地整治工(gong)程(cheng)、產(chan)業(ye)(ye)升(sheng)級提(ti)升(sheng)工(gong)程(cheng)等。運(yun)營(ying)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)主要包括碳匯交易收(shou)(shou)入(ru)、文(wen)旅經營(ying)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)、經濟(ji)林(lin)凈(jing)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)、停(ting)車(che)場(chang)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)、一(yi)般工(gong)業(ye)(ye)固(gu)廢填(tian)埋收(shou)(shou)入(ru)、廢棄礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)利用收(shou)(shou)入(ru)和(he)土地整理(li)工(gong)程(cheng)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)等。
馬鞍(an)(an)山(shan)礦山(shan)EOD試點項目(mu)資(zi)(zi)金籌(chou)措中，項目(mu)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)金占總(zong)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)20%，馬鞍(an)(an)山(shan)市(shi)國(guo)有(you)資(zi)(zi)管理(li)委員會代表(biao)政(zheng)府出資(zi)(zi)50%，其余資(zi)(zi)本(ben)金主要(yao)為(wei)國(guo)家綠色發展基(ji)金出資(zi)(zi)組(zu)建(jian)合伙企業增資(zi)(zi)兩山(shan)公司。項目(mu)融資(zi)(zi)方面，中國(guo)農業發展銀行提(ti)供3年期“前期貸(dai)”+15～20年期“項目(mu)貸(dai)”。專(zhuan)項債(zhai)方面，發行約占總(zong)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)22%的(de)政(zheng)府專(zhuan)項債(zhai)。省財(cai)政(zheng)廳每年投(tou)入(ru)長江經(jing)濟帶專(zhuan)項引導資(zi)(zi)金以及省級(ji)山(shan)水林田湖草項目(mu)基(ji)金，用于(yu)支持項目(mu)建(jian)設(she)。本(ben)項目(mu)通過(guo)采用EOD模式(shi)，為(wei)礦區生態環境綜合治理(li)和產業轉型升級(ji)提(ti)供新思路和實踐樣本(ben)，是(shi)生態產品價值(zhi)實現的(de)有(you)益嘗試。
3.3 案例三(san)：農(nong)村(cun)環境(jing)綜合(he)整治+生態(tai)種養(yang)
“農(nong)村(cun)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)綜(zong)合(he)(he)整治(zhi)+生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)種養(yang)”生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)價(jia)值(zhi)實(shi)現(xian)路徑是(shi)通過農(nong)村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)綜(zong)合(he)(he)治(zhi)理進(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)強(qiang)化(hua)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)所在區(qu)域(yu)特有(you)(you)的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)稟(bing)賦(fu)，發(fa)(fa)展高經(jing)濟附加(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)種養(yang)等(deng)，科(ke)學運用(yong)先進(jin)(jin)(jin)技術實(shi)施(shi)精深加(jia)工，并依托優(you)美自然風(feng)光、歷(li)史文化(hua)遺存(cun)，推進(jin)(jin)(jin)旅(lv)游與(yu)康養(yang)休閑融合(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展，拓展延(yan)伸(shen)(shen)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)和(he)價(jia)值(zhi)鏈(lian)。山東(dong)日(ri)(ri)照美麗鄉村(cun)EOD試(shi)點(dian)(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)是(shi)“農(nong)村(cun)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)綜(zong)合(he)(he)整治(zhi)+生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)種養(yang)”的(de)(de)典型(xing)案例。日(ri)(ri)照市是(shi)我(wo)國濱(bin)海(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)、宜居、旅(lv)游、現(xian)代化(hua)港口城(cheng)市和(he)臨港產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基(ji)地，也是(shi)新(xin)亞歐大陸橋經(jing)濟走(zou)廊主(zhu)要節點(dian)(dian)城(cheng)市和(he)“一(yi)(yi)帶一(yi)(yi)路”海(hai)上(shang)合(he)(he)作戰略支點(dian)(dian)。日(ri)(ri)照水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)擔(dan)負著城(cheng)市居民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)及(ji)東(dong)部沿海(hai)區(qu)域(yu)大工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)任務(wu)，對區(qu)域(yu)發(fa)(fa)展起(qi)著舉(ju)足輕(qing)重(zhong)的(de)(de)作用(yong)。本(ben)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)由(you)日(ri)(ri)照市水(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)集(ji)團有(you)(you)限公司作為市場主(zhu)體進(jin)(jin)(jin)行一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)實(shi)施(shi)。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)內容包(bao)括日(ri)(ri)照水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)周邊(bian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)濕(shi)(shi)地保(bao)護修(xiu)復(fu)與(yu)治(zhi)理工程以及(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)漁業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)旅(lv)游關聯產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)聯合(he)(he)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)通過對區(qu)域(yu)內村(cun)莊搬遷及(ji)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)整治(zhi)、濕(shi)(shi)地修(xiu)復(fu)等(deng)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)治(zhi)理工程的(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)，打造水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)屏障圈(quan)，提升水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)及(ji)周邊(bian)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)品(pin)質，搭建生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)良好(hao)基(ji)礎(chu)，同時(shi)以庫(ku)區(qu)土(tu)地資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)等(deng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)綜(zong)合(he)(he)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)為載體，培(pei)育(yu)形成(cheng)特色產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，采取生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)—深加(jia)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)漁業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)—平(ping)臺銷售(shou)等(deng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)延(yan)伸(shen)(shen)、一(yi)(yi)二(er)三產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融合(he)(he)，推動公益(yi)性較(jiao)強(qiang)、收益(yi)性差(cha)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)治(zhi)理項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)與(yu)收益(yi)較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)漁業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)旅(lv)游關聯產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)效融合(he)(he)，減輕(qing)政府生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)治(zhi)理投入，實(shi)現(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地保(bao)護、優(you)質資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)升值(zhi)、鄉村(cun)振興三大目(mu)標有(you)(you)機統一(yi)(yi)。
山東日(ri)照美麗鄉(xiang)(xiang)村EOD試點項目(mu)(mu)生態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境治(zhi)理(li)與(yu)修復項目(mu)(mu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)占(zhan)總項目(mu)(mu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)比例(li)為23%。資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)籌措方(fang)面，日(ri)照市水務集(ji)團有限公司(si)自(zi)籌30%，70%的資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)通(tong)過(guo)源水費質押貸款、林權(quan)抵(di)押貸款，爭取國開行、農(nong)(nong)發行等(deng)(deng)政(zheng)策性銀行貸款，以及國家涉農(nong)(nong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)及生態(tai)(tai)文明建設(she)專(zhuan)項資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)等(deng)(deng)多元化的資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)籌措渠道獲得。項目(mu)(mu)通(tong)過(guo)生態(tai)(tai)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品、生態(tai)(tai)漁產(chan)(chan)品銷售收益及文化旅游收益等(deng)(deng)，保障項目(mu)(mu)償債能力，同時降低了政(zheng)府生態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境治(zhi)理(li)投(tou)入。項目(mu)(mu)通(tong)過(guo)EOD模式實(shi)施，探索出發展生態(tai)(tai)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)、促進鄉(xiang)(xiang)村振興(xing)的實(shi)施路(lu)徑。
回歸EOD模式概念是以生態保護和環境治理為基礎，以特色產業的導入與培育為支撐，以區域綜合開發為載體，推動生態環境治理與關聯產業的有效融合，一體化實施。EOD模式主要解決了三個方面的問題： （1）生態環境保護與產業發展互為依托，有機融合，區域生態產品保值增值的良性機制得以建立。良好的生態環境作為生產要素，為關聯產業發展創造了條件，生態產品價值依托關聯產業的開發得以轉化。同時關聯產業的經營收益反哺到生態環境保護與治理投入中，實現區域生態產品保值增值，為區域可持續發展提供保障和基礎。（2）充分(fen)運用(yong)市場(chang)化(hua)、商業化(hua)的(de)方式，有效解決了生態產(chan)品“難(nan)(nan)度量、難(nan)(nan)抵押(ya)、難(nan)(nan)交易、難(nan)(nan)變現”的(de)問(wen)題(ti)，提高了生態價(jia)值轉(zhuan)化(hua)的(de)效率。EOD項(xiang)目將產(chan)業開(kai)發(fa)和生態環境保(bao)護(hu)內(nei)容一體化(hua)實施，即由一個市場(chang)主(zhu)體，統(tong)一投資建設(she)與運營維(wei)護(hu)，具有邊界范圍清(qing)晰、主(zhu)體責任明(ming)確、市場(chang)機(ji)制充分(fen)、價(jia)值轉(zhuan)化(hua)高效、生態環境效益持續等特點，大大調(diao)動了項(xiang)目主(zhu)體的(de)主(zhu)觀能動性。
（3）EOD項目通過“肥瘦搭配”，解決了生態環保項目融資缺乏抵押物和現金流的問題，為市場化融資創造了條件，破解了生態環境保護投入不足的問題。實施EOD模式順應了現階段區域推動經濟發展和保護相互統一的現實需要，踐行“兩山”理念，推進生態產品價值實現，支撐深入打好污染防治攻堅戰和生態文明建設。
目(mu)前(qian)我國EOD模式仍處于試(shi)(shi)點探(tan)索階(jie)段，試(shi)(shi)點項(xiang)目(mu)因地(di)制宜(yi)，多(duo)措(cuo)并(bing)舉，在實(shi)施路徑與機制政策等方面開(kai)展(zhan)了有益探(tan)索，取(qu)得了初步(bu)成效。依據EOD試(shi)(shi)點項(xiang)目(mu)的開(kai)展(zhan)情況，推(tui)動生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)產品(pin)價值實(shi)現(xian)須(xu)堅持保護(hu)優先，切實(shi)解(jie)決突出(chu)的生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境問題，厚植(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)產品(pin)價值，結合地(di)區實(shi)際合理(li)有序(xu)地(di)發(fa)展(zhan)關聯產業(ye)，將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)優勢轉(zhuan)化(hua)為發(fa)展(zhan)優勢，并(bing)在實(shi)施過(guo)程中政府和(he)(he)市(shi)場協同發(fa)力(li)，探(tan)索生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)產品(pin)價值實(shi)現(xian)的新(xin)(xin)機制、新(xin)(xin)舉措(cuo)。現(xian)階(jie)段EOD模式下“城市(shi)環(huan)境綜合整治(zhi)+土地(di)利用(yong)”“礦(kuang)山(shan)修復治(zhi)理(li)+存量(liang)資源經營(ying)”“農(nong)村(cun)人居環(huan)境整治(zhi)+生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)種養”“荒山(shan)荒地(di)綜合整治(zhi)+清潔能源”等四種類型較為典型，路徑清晰、經驗成熟，通過(guo)試(shi)(shi)點工作(zuo)的深入推(tui)進，將(jiang)會有更多(duo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)產品(pin)價值實(shi)現(xian)的市(shi)場化(hua)路徑得到探(tan)索和(he)(he)實(shi)踐。
基于本(ben)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)，建(jian)議在EOD理(li)論(lun)與(yu)(yu)方(fang)法研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)方(fang)面(mian)，不(bu)斷(duan)深化(hua)EOD與(yu)(yu)“兩山”理(li)論(lun)、生(sheng)態產(chan)品價(jia)值實(shi)現與(yu)(yu)第(di)四產(chan)業、生(sheng)態經濟與(yu)(yu)生(sheng)態產(chan)業化(hua)等(deng)國(guo)際國(guo)內(nei)相關(guan)理(li)論(lun)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)，研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)建(jian)立基于生(sheng)態環(huan)境保護與(yu)(yu)經濟社會發展現狀目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標的(de)EOD重大項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)規(gui)劃設計方(fang)法體系(xi)。在EOD項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)運(yun)(yun)作與(yu)(yu)投融資(zi)實(shi)務方(fang)面(mian)，應(ying)針對不(bu)同類型EOD項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)投資(zi)回報機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，探索適用(yong)的(de)運(yun)(yun)作方(fang)式(shi)、交易(yi)結(jie)構(gou)、投融資(zi)模式(shi)、招采方(fang)式(shi)等(deng)，明確地方(fang)國(guo)企、社會資(zi)本(ben)、金融機(ji)(ji)構(gou)參(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)的(de)具體方(fang)式(shi)，引導和規(gui)范EOD項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)實(shi)施與(yu)(yu)管(guan)理(li)。在EOD關(guan)鍵政策(ce)制(zhi)度創新(xin)方(fang)面(mian)，深化(hua)EOD實(shi)施相關(guan)土(tu)地、財政、金融、稅收等(deng)政策(ce)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)，為建(jian)立生(sheng)態產(chan)品價(jia)值實(shi)現市場(chang)化(hua)路徑的(de)新(xin)模式(shi)、新(xin)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)提供參(can)(can)考和借鑒。